Bifacial Modules

Bifacial modules generate power from both front and rear surfaces, introducing new measurement challenges that standard monofacial test protocols were not designed to address. Rear-side irradiance varies with albedo, mounting height, row spacing, and tracker angle — all of which affect output in ways that a single reference cell cannot capture. This section covers bifaciality factor measurement, rear irradiance instrumentation, STC correction for bifacial devices, and field acceptance testing considerations.